Bipedalism Human Birth - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 866 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2017/09/16 Category People Essay Type Argumentative essay Did you like this example? Bipedalism Human Birth: The Obstetric Dilemma Over hundreds of thousands of years, the human body has evolved in many different ways to help us adapt to our ever changing environment. The obstetric dilemma refers to changes in the female pelvic region as a result of our evolution towards bipedalism, and the resulting difficulties in childbirth. When assessing gestation periods, premature births and maternal infant health, the question comes up as to why the human body has evolved in such a way as to make childbirth potentially fatal for both mother and child? The advantages of bipedalism can be seen when we throw a ball, carry the shopping bags from the car or collect the mail from the letterbox. But are the advantages we gain worth risking the lives of both mother and infant during childbirth? Have we found the balance between possessing bodily adaptations which are essential for bipedalism, and the advantages of having babies that are better developed and are born with larger, more complex brains? Bipedalism is a form of terrestrial locomotion, where humans and a few other bipedal creatures can move around using their two hind limbs. The earliest bipedal adaptation is thought to have begun with Australopithecines, dating back between 3 and 4. 2 million years ago, with evidence of upright locomotion found in fossil form. A number of selective pressures started to arise with the evolution of the human species, and as a result a number of changes had to be made throughout the body, especially females, to accommodate for these pressures. Natural selection played a role in the development of bipedalism, as our ancestors were moving through environments that required them to have maximum foraging distance and ground coverage with minimal energy expenditure. This in turn meant that individuals possessing the right characteristics for upright striding had a greater chance of survival as their environments grew less and less accommodating. Among oth er reasons, such as freeing our upper limbs and assisting thermoregulation, bipedalism allowed us to become more energy efficient. It provided a way for us to get the most out of our sparse, patchy unpredictable environments while conserving as much energy as possible while still maintaining our foraging efficiency. The energy we conserved in making these changes went towards the development of larger brains, and has been essential in our evolutionary process. For our bodies to adapt to this radical new method of locomotion, a number of structural changes had to be made throughout the body. Organs bones shifted to allow these adaptations to be made. The broadening ilial and the narrowing ischial pelvic bones resulted in the human pelvic structure becoming smaller, narrower, and with a reduced birth canal. Differing largely from the male pelvis, which has a much broader pelvic bowl, the female pelvis is much rounder with less bony structures protruding into the cavity. Babies today are born after approximately 9 months in gestation. In 1994, the average gestation period was 39. 2 weeks, which dropped to 38. 8 weeks in 2004 (Australia’s Babies. ABS 2010). Compared with chimpanzees and gorillas, this is a relatively short incubation period. Even though a longer period is desirable for prenatal development, there are many risks involved in child birth today and therefore there are a number of reasons why our species cannot afford the extra time in incubation, nor can we afford for the incubation period to be anything less. Chimpanzees’ offspring are born with 45-50% brain development, while human infants are born with just 25% of their brains fully developed (Discovery Media 2010). Foetal brain development is highly energy costly, and so a prolonged incubation would be detrimental to the health of the mother. This essentially means that a human child will spend close to a year helpless and completely dependent on its mother. There are b enefits to this prolonged period of nurture and care for human infants after birth. Although they take up a lot of time and effort, in the interest of successful reproduction, the father is more likely to invest more of his time with the infant, providing necessary food and care while the young are growing up. This in turn creates an extended transition period from childhood to adults, meaning that a young child experiencing the world under careful guidance and support has a greater chance of survival. Another evolutionary adaptation is menopause. This is a natural response to aging in women, a process in which the menstrual cycle ceases, preventing women past childbearing age from having any more children. This adaption was made in the interest of reproductive success, because once the mother reaches this point she will now invest her time into her existing children and/or grandchildren. So even though more effort is required from both parents early in life and throughout chi ldhood, it is greatly beneficial in the end as it boosts our chances of reproductive success. Reference Darwin, C 1859, The Origin of Species, London Relethford, J 2010 The Human Species: An Introduction to Biological Anthropology, 8th edition. McGraw Hill, New York. Meyer, J 2010. Lecture notes from ANHB1102; Anatomy of Human Locomotion Obstetrical Dilemma. Available from https://www. servinghistory. com/topics/obstetrical_dilemma Australian Bureau of Statistics. Australia’s Babies is available from https://www. abs. gov. au/AUSSTATS/ Don’t waste time! 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The Old Man And The Sea By Ernest Hemingway - 1744 Words

â€Å"The Old Man and The Sea† by Ernest Hemingway is a story about an old man named Santiago who has to overcome many obstacles in his time at sea and in life (Hemingway). Despite being a fisherman, Santiago has not caught fish in 84 days and is faced by numerous dilemmas and shortcomings as things seem to always go wrong for him (Hemingway). This paper provides an analysis of the novel by interpreting it as a secular humanist epic. This paper hypothesizes that the character of Santiago is guided by secular principles and values which act as both a moral compass as well as societal fundamentals that are based on secular humanism. Therefore, â€Å"The Old Man and The Sea† is promoting these secular humanist values and principles by depicting how†¦show more content†¦There is no God who is transcendent above and beyond created reality†¦ The secular humanist presupposes that the only thing which can exist and have importance to mankind is that which is open to empirical verification and observation by man† (1). â€Å"The Old Man and The Sea† can be considered a secular humanist epic for various reasons. The themes covered by the story explore secular, human and everyday problems and issues. These include numerous subjects such as ageism, relationships/friendships, pride, perseverance, reputation in society, and so on. Each theme covered will be used to show that secular and humanist values are important for survival and prosperity in society. Firstly, the author indicates that despite his old age, Santiago’s perseverance sets him apart from others in society. The Council for Secular Humanism writes that â€Å"Secular humanism has provided an impetus for humans to solve their problems with intelligence and perseverance, to conquer geographic and social frontiers, and to extend the range of human exploration and adventure† (â€Å"A Secular Humanist Declaration†). This theme of perseverance is epitomized by Santiago’s battles with a large fish which he manages to capture. This is evident when the old man states that he will attempt to catch the fish even if it means risking his own life: â€Å"Fish, he said softly, aloud, I ll stay with you until I am dead.†Show MoreRelatedThe Old Man And The Sea By Ernest Hemingway1599 Words   |  7 PagesNew York, NY USA 10027 Dear Pulitzer Prize Judging Board: The Old Man and the Sea by American author, Ernest Hemingway deserved the Pulitzer Prize it received because of the author s use of craft elements, the realness of all of the characters and events, and the lasting themes that are relevant to the year it was written that were created by this realness, which in turn created a legacy. The first reason The Old Man and the Sea deserved its Pulitzer Prize is because of the author’s use of craftRead MoreThe Old Man and the Sea by Ernest Hemingway1734 Words   |  7 Pages Ernest Hemingway was a man among men. He painted his life through written words. In his life Hemingway experienced events that would change him and shape the man that he was. Hemingway wrote about his time he spent in World War I in his first novel, The Sun Also Rises, and in his last novel, The Old Man and the Sea, he writes about his fishing exploits, both of which Hemingway experienced himself. By comparing these two works that he has written, a reader can perceive his linguistic style and theRead MoreThe Old Man And The Sea By Ernest Hemingway1952 Words   |  8 Pagesinternal conflicts; there are many internal and external conflicts in the novella. One of the main conflicts is that Santiago couldn’t catch the marlin. This is resolved by Santiago eventually catching the fish thre e days after he returned back to sea after he had an eighty four day unsuccessful streak; this solution is believable because he was determined to catch the fish which he did. A secondary conflict in this novella was that Santiago began to talk to himself because Manolin is no longer withRead MoreThe Old Man And The Sea By Ernest Hemingway2056 Words   |  9 Pagesâ€Å"The Old Man and The Sea† by Ernest Hemingway Plot Summary: â€Å"The Old Man and The Sea† relates the difficult life of an old Cuban fisherman that struggles in his profession for a long period of time until he catches the biggest fish in his life. The story begins presenting readers the fact that Santiago, the old fisherman, has been eighty-four days without catching a fish. This uncomfortable situation leads Manolin, a teenager who works with Santiago, to leave him under his father’s command.Read MoreThe Old Man and the Sea by Ernest Hemingway Essay589 Words   |  3 PagesThe Old Man and the Sea by Ernest Hemingway After reading this novel, The Old Man and the Sea, by Ernest Hemingway, I was confused about something the old man kept repeating. During the course of the book, the old man, Santiago, refers to having gone out to far to catch the fish. To me, this sounds as though he is making excuses for himself as to why he could not bring the fish in. On the other hand, he may have realized that he should not have gone out so far because it was not worth it forRead MoreAn Old Fisherman in The Old Man and the Sea by Ernest Hemingway939 Words   |  4 Pages On July 21, 1899, Ernest Hemingway was born to Grace Hall-Hemingway and Clarence Edmonds Hemingway in Oak Park, Illinois. He started off his writing career in high school, when he was writing sports articles for the high school newspaper. From there, he moved on to writing for the Kansas City Star, where he learned to write in his unique short sentences, declarative, writing style. From journalism, Hemingway moved on to the military life an d met a nurse in Milan that was his inspiration for â€Å"ARead MoreErnest Hemingway s A Old Man And The Sea1588 Words   |  7 PagesErnest Hemingway, an Intense Macho Bullfighting Woodsman of an author, If you met him in person you would not beleive him when he told you he s an author. However Ernest Hemingway is a very accomplished author, well known as the Chronicler of the lost generation, and for his Pulitzer Prize winning Old Man and the Sea. Hemingway also was known for his collection of short stories, like In Another Country and The Snows of Kilimanjaro, as with many of his stories these two are set in 2 places he hasRead MoreErnest Hemingway s The Old Man And The Sea942 Words   |  4 PagesSome believe to live is to endure, and in Ernest Hemingway s The Old Man and the Sea This idea is explored in a simplistic style of writing called Iceberg Theory, a style unique to Hemingway. In this powerful, yet simple novel Ernest Hemingway eloquently portrays the hardships of the average man. Old Man and the Sea is based on an old man named Santiago and his battle with a giant Marlin in the middle of the sea. The old man s experience with the marlin is one of misfortune, pride, and accomplishmentRead MoreThe Old Man and the Sea by Ernest Hemingway Essay983 Words   |  4 PagesThe Old Man and the Sea There is a scene in Ernest Hemingway’s The Old Man and the Sea, when after a shark has taken a big chunk about forty pounds off Santiago prize marlin catch, Santiago begin to doubt whether he should have gone out to sea and wishes that he had never hooked the fish and was alone in bed with his newspaper (103). Immediately after the Santiago says, â€Å"But man is not made for defeat a man can be destroyed but not defeated† (103). The life of Ernest Hemingway intertwines to theRead MoreRelationship Between The Old Man And The Sea And Ernest Hemingway1075 Words   |  5 Pagesthe author of The Old Man and The Sea, Ernest Hemingway. Gertrude, an American novelist, poet, playwright and art collector, served as a mentor for Ernest. The novelist also served as a godmother to Ernest along with her companion, Alice B. Toklas. Ernest Hemingway used his experience with Gertrude in his 1952 book, The Old Man and The Sea. Santiago and Manolin share a relationship similar to Ernest Hemingway and Gertrude Stein. Throughout The Old Man and The Sea, Ernest Hemingway provides many details

Difficult People Essay Example For Students

Difficult People Essay Difficult People Analysis1.In the beginning-part plot outline, Pyotr is a frustrated youth who strives to balance his financial expenditures to that of the amount of his fathers low income. The effort to consume fathers pension for Pyotrs schooling creates a serious doubt to the financial security of every member in household. Pyotrs father is a disappointment to the family, his anti-social behavior has subdued the family into a state of fear and panic at the harsh tone of his voice. In the middle-part plot outline, Pyotr now fantasizes about the possibilitys of leaving the farm and walking the eighty miles North to Moscow. He would establish a capacity for impunity to the familys grief of a missing son. Pyotr will be inspired by a sole motivation, the relentless three day walk to Moscow. The journey will submit a stream of inevitable consequences as a cause of starvation, frostbite and fatigue, the ability to overcome this torment to the physical appearance would only better saturate the mental ability for perseverance and determination to reach the destination. The final logic of plot that must be explained at the end of the story is Pyotrs confrontation with his guilt-ridden, contemptuous father before he leaves for Moscow. The intent to reconcile fathers financial loss is expressed through Pyotrs coaxing rhetoric and judgemental approach to his fathers daily attitude at the table. Finally, the room is brightly lit, not by the familys ability to regrouptheir a ffections were a bonfire nowbut by a single, dazzling beam of sympathy to Pyotr, when his father says Good-byethe money is on the round table.2.The main conflict of this story is a result of the familys financial status. Fathers greed, low income, and Pyotrs frustration are key points to the main conflict. The conflict has plagued Pyotr most, the hallucination of abandoning his family is the main conflict in the story. 3.The nature of conflict is most likely the man vs self setting. As oppose to a man vs man/machine/nature alternative, man striving against his own ability to cope with his familys troubles and maintain stability in the face of poverty is our conflict. Pyotr spends his time anticipating for the journey to Moscow, thus generating the spiritual ability to prevail in his daily life. 4.Points of tension occur all throughout the story. The near-end climax is the greatest center of tension during the story, Pyotr realizes the absolute necessity to escape from the house before he is to experience more of his fathers abuse. Its ironic that Pyotrs mother slides into a deep apathy for the situation that occurs minutes away before Pyotrs departure. 5.During the story I have come to understand the mother best. She becomes too afraid to take a stand against her husbands tyrannical outbursts, shes happy and content with so little to say and nothing of meager value to prove to her children. The mother has been ravaged by her husbands constant complaining about the smallest of burdens for years, she has adapted to his behavior and has allowed her children to become victims of the insanity. 6.The author lets us experience the conflict and choose the sides of the family that best describe our own sense of belonging. We become accommodated with the protagonist early on, it is the one dreaming for a better lifefortunately, dreaming about success is the motivation that keeps this family sleeping at night and working during the day. Its a story of a dysfunctional family that works together for a common cause, and is pulled apart by the negative attitude of the father. 7.Pyotrs father is the safety hazard who cannot convey his personal emotions of poverty and must spew his troubles upon the rest of the family three times a day: breakfast, lunch and dinner. Paying the train fare to Moscow and advertising 300 acres of farmland may earn him a hefty fortune, later moving into the city and organizing a promising lifestyle would guarantee years of better living and happier times. Father lacks a greater understanding of the possibilities that would benefit his family. .u5ca8551b3804dc10b0217fedbda7712d , .u5ca8551b3804dc10b0217fedbda7712d .postImageUrl , .u5ca8551b3804dc10b0217fedbda7712d .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u5ca8551b3804dc10b0217fedbda7712d , .u5ca8551b3804dc10b0217fedbda7712d:hover , .u5ca8551b3804dc10b0217fedbda7712d:visited , .u5ca8551b3804dc10b0217fedbda7712d:active { border:0!important; } .u5ca8551b3804dc10b0217fedbda7712d .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u5ca8551b3804dc10b0217fedbda7712d { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u5ca8551b3804dc10b0217fedbda7712d:active , .u5ca8551b3804dc10b0217fedbda7712d:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u5ca8551b3804dc10b0217fedbda7712d .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u5ca8551b3804dc10b0217fedbda7712d .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u5ca8551b3804dc10b0217fedbda7712d .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u5ca8551b3804dc10b0217fedbda7712d .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u5ca8551b3804dc10b0217fedbda7712d:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u5ca8551b3804dc10b0217fedbda7712d .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u5ca8551b3804dc10b0217fedbda7712d .u5ca8551b3804dc10b0217fedbda7712d-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u5ca8551b3804dc10b0217fedbda7712d:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Greek Myth Book Report: Prometheus Steals Fire From Heaven Essay8.Essentially, Pyotrs mother is a kind and thoughtful person. She lacks the certain authority that motherhood demands, the ability to safegaurd her children when her husband goes into a frenzy, is a must. The mother cooks a respected meal, she deserves a greater voice in the house. 9.Pyotr is the primary victim of his fathers abuse. Pyotr adds depth and perception to the story, he has nothing but contempt for his fathers attitude. Stagnation in a family built to destruct, Pyotr must leave the house. 10.The tone of voice is eqaully balanced between Pyotr and his father. The mother has little or nothing to say during a mealtime argument. When Pyotrs mother tells her husband (Pyotr) must have money for the journey the argument sets place and very soon Pyotrs father is screaming Take everything!Take it all!Strangle me! The ability to immediately subdue the conflict by acknowledging the personal fault of sparking the financial debate goes unnoticed. 11.The dialogue delivers reality to the domestic situation. Pyotr begins I used to be able to put up with such scenesbut now I have got out of the way of it! Pyotrs father retorts Do you know what you cost me, you scoundrel? Ill turn you out! This is the most effective scene in the story because Pyotrs father delivers the threat, his wife and daughter bear witness to the intimidation that is aroused by Pyotrs need for money.

Multiple Personality Disorder Essays (1317 words) -

Multiple Personality Disorder Multiple Personality Disorder More than two million cases can be found altogether in psychological and psychiatric records of multiple personality disorder also called dissociative identity disorder. It is often thought that multiple personality disorder is a trick, a bizarre form of play-acting that is committed by manipulative, attention-seeking individuals. It is not. Multiple personality disorder is a disorder of hiding wherein 80-90% of multiple personality disorder patients do not have a clue that they have the disorder. Most know that there is something wrong with them; many fear that they are crazy, but few know that they have a disorder. What is Multiple Personality Disorder? Multiple personalities is a dissociate reaction to stress in which the patient develops two or more personalities. Each personality has a distinct, well-developed emotional and thought process and represents a unique and relatively stable personality. The individual may change from one personality to an other at periods varying from a few minutes to several years. The personalities are usually very different and have different attitudes; one may be happy, carefree and fun loving, and another quiet, studious, and serious. People can have up to fifty personalities or more. All personalities usually will have their own name and their own role. For example one personality can be the keeper of pain, his role is to take and feel all the pain that the other personalities come in contact with. The personality also can have their own appearance, but this does not mean the person changes its outer image it is just the way he/she sees inside his/her head. The personalities will also have different ages, talents, and likes and dislikes. For example: In the novel, The Minds of Billy Miligin, there was a man who had twenty-four personalities. All of his twenty-four personalities were different. They had different ages, their own appearance, and some were of the opposite sex. The personalities al l had their own role and their own talents. There was one personality that was right handed all others were left handed, only one smoked, one had a British accent another Slavic. Many used their own talents some liked to paint, one was an escape artist, one was a karate expert and another a sculptor. Various types of relationships may exist between the different personalities. Usually the individual alternates from one personality to the other, and can not remember in one, what happened in the other. Occasionally however while one personality is dominant and functions consciously, the other continues to function sub-consciously and is referred to the co conscious personality. Relationships may become highly complicated when there is more than two personalities. In many cases of multiple personalities the personalities will talk of a spotlight. The spotlight is how they come into the conscious world. All the personalities live around the spotlight whoever stands on it finds himself o r herself in the conscious world leaving the other personalities unaware of the personality's actions. This leaves the next personality that comes into consciousness in total amnesia. Causes of Multiple Personality Disorder Multiple personality disorder often forms with a person who has been deprived of love and friendship and with a person who has been abused. These people make up friends for themselves, but not just and imaginary friends these friends form there own personalities. These people may also make up other people who are not scared or people, who can not feel pain to turn deal with abuse, which also turn into separate personalities. These people usually deny what is happening and may live their lives without anyone finding out about their disorder. The degree of vulnerability of the child has a great impact on the amount of personalities the person will have. The typical female multiple has about 19 personalities; male multiples tend to have less that half of that. For e xample a male multiple from ages 7 to 10 who was sexually abused a half-dozen times by a distant relative is going to have far fewer personalities than a female multiple who was severely physically, sexually, and emotionally abused by both parents from infancy to age 16. The female could easily develop 30 to 50 (+) personalities, even in the hundreds. Although its important

True Causes of the Civil War essays

True Causes of the Civil War essays True Causes of the Civil War What caused the American Civil War? A historian once noted that the Civil War was really the final shots of the American Revolution. It is amazing that even today, over 130 years after the Civil War started, there is still passionate debate regarding the true cause of the Civil War. Slavery was with no doubt the immediate cause of the Civil War, but the intentions and views were not so much a moral issue, but more so an economical issue. This brought forth separation of both the North and South due to incompatibility and any consideration of compromise to either sides proposals. With said, this in time led to the ultimate result of war. The causes of the war can be traced to the roots of our political fabric, in the complexity of mankind, in the fundamental law, in the Constitution itself, and in the institution of slavery which it recognized and ironically intended to protect. If asked what was the real issue involved in the conflict, the average American citizen would reply, Slavery. Had there been no moral condemnation of slavery, it is fair to say there would have been no war. The curious thing is that although slavery was the moral issue of the nineteenth century that divided the political leaders of the land, the average American had very little interest in the issue. Most Southerners were small farmers that could not afford slaves, and most Northerners were small farmers or tradesman that had never even seen a slave. When the Constitution was adopted, and the Union formed, slavery existed in practically all the States. But then industrialism evolved in the North, and slavery was not very beneficial to the Norths economy due to the difference in their working force opposed to the Souths. The Union wanted to develop a high tariff which would protect the northern manufacturer, but would disable cotton trade in the Sout ...

Application of the Letter from Birmingham in the War in Syria Essay

Application of the Letter from Birmingham in the War in Syria - Essay Example Martin Luther and his friend Abernathy Ralph had led demonstrations against laws that promoted the segregation of the black people in America. According to the law, Martin and Abernathy were supposed to get a permit to conduct the demonstrations. However, they failed to get the permit and that led to his arrest (King 34). The church clergy had responded to his arrest on the same day that he was detained in Birmingham prison arguing that both the white and black people should obey the civil laws in the country. Luther wrote the letter with the aim of justifying his disobedience of the law by arguing that it was the unjustness of the law that made him to demonstrate. Luther argues there are just and unjust laws, but the existence of unjust laws anywhere leads to injustice everywhere in the letter (King 36). King’s separation of just and unjust laws may be used in the analysis of the way in Syria and recommend on the actions that should be taken to end the war in the country. Mar tin argues that a regulation is just when it concurs with the laws of God, which he calls the ethical rules. Unjust laws, on the other hand, are those that are not based on the moral laws of God. Thus, according to King, laws are fair when they are acceptable in the whole society because God’s rules are equal to all citizens despite their race and color (Tiefendbrun 68). This argument aimed at informing the state that the segregation of the black people who lived in the southern parts of Alabama was an unfair act that was against the will of God. The segregation of the black people commonly known as the Negros had been in the country since the eighteenth century when slavery of Africans and Asians was practiced in the western nations (King 25). King also argued that injustice in any part of the country led to unfairness in the whole nation. This meant that the injustice that existed in the southern part of the nation led to the unfairness in all regions of America (Tiefenbrun 70). Luther also meant that the segregation of the black people was a sign of immorality of the whole nation including the whites. This indicated that the white people would be considered as immoral even when they acted fairly in other things in the south and in other regions in the country. This means that even if nations and people conduct themselves in all things except one, they will still be unfair and they will lack development. King demonstrates this by giving the example of how Africa was moving towards independence at a high speed while America was wasting time segregating the black people. The activist argued that Americans were lagging behind by taking the longest time to serve Africans only a cup of coffee (King 79). This meant that the injustice of the laws would cause injustice in the country by slowing down freedom and development like that which Africa and Asia were experiencing at that time. Martin postulates that â€Å"the oppressors who are mainly the leaders do not award the minority groups their freedom voluntarily† (King 80) Therefore, he argues that there is need for civil disobedience by the oppressed groups to force the leaders to grant them their moral rights. This argument justified King’s act of disobeying laws by conducting demonstrations instead of negotiating with the leaders. He further justifies himself by pronouncing that he was tired of being asked to wait for negotiations. Luther argued that the word wait had become a synonym of never because he and his fellow Negros had heard it for numerous years before deciding to disobey the law (King 82). Thus, according to Martin, leaders should award their people with justice on time to avoid the disobedience of the law. However, when the leaders fail to create fair regulations, they should be reminded through

Read Alouds Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Read Alouds - Essay Example Reading aloud is so effective due to a number of factors, including: pleasure, emotional bonds among the participants of the process, opportunities to experience unusual situation and listen to the books that are above children’s own reading level. Meanwhile, read-alouds develop children, motivate them to read independently and serve as a trigger for creativity and discussion. Reading to the class, the teacher demonstrates her appreciation of literature and serves as a role model (Kieff 2003, p.28). Read-alouds serve as â€Å"a catalyst† for the discussion and social interchange. As Lawrence Sipe (1999) puts it â€Å"literature can help us perceive reality in new and fresh ways, â€Å"defamiliarizing life† and making us alive to new possibilities, new ways of perceiving the social order, so that we can imagine what a more just society would look like† (p.125). At the end of his article Lawrence Sipe concludes that â€Å"as children embrace or resist texts through language and a variety of artistic modes, they are forging links between literature and their own lives. Such links have the potential to be both informative and transformative for their developing sense of themselves as individuals and members of society† (p.129). However, children’s’ response to literature can be different. Success of read alouds may depend on various factors. Sipe’s article (1999) highlights some factors influencing children’s response to a book. As research show it is the literary experience of the reader and the context, which really matters. Individual experience and cultural background always contribute to the literary response. To my mind, this fact is of special interest for teachers working in multi-cultural classes, which are not rare in the United States. Multicultural literature available today represents cultures, which used to be invisible or treated negatively earlier. Such books can serve as mirrors or windows for children of